11 Mahasiswa Indonesia Presentasi di International Conference

Seperti biasa, berbagai prestasi anak bangsa kembali diukir di dunia persilatan intelektual. Peserta berasal dari berbagai universitas terkemuka di dunia berkumpul di Hawaii dalam tajuk Int'l Graduate Student Conference/IGSC 2011 yang di selengarakan semenjak tanggal 17-21 februari 2011 oleh East West Center. Semua kegiatan terpusat di IMIN International Conference Centre. Dari 40 presenter ada 10 diantaranya merupakan mahasiswa Indonesia yang sedang belajar di luar negeri.

Berikut adalah jadwal dan topic yang akan dipresentasikan mahasiswa Indonesia:

Nama	Topic	Jadwal
Turro Wongkaren. U. Hawai`i at Mānoa and East-West Center (Indonesia)	Effects of Culture on Familial Transfers in Indonesia	Friday, Feb 18, 10:30 am - 12:15 pm, Kaniela Room
Hery Yanto The. University of Hawai`i at Mānoa and East-West Center	Developing Indonesian Students Awareness to Ethnic Diversity with School Local Excellence Program	Friday, Feb 18, 10:30 am - 12:15 pm, Washington Room
Ika Nurhayani. Cornell University (Indonesia)	The Framework for Suffix -ake	Friday, Feb 18, 1:30 pm - 3:15 pm, Washington Room
Livia Istania Dea Flavia Iskandar. University of Hawai`i at Mānoa and East-West Center	Intimate Partner Violence Screening and Brief Intervention for Women Attending Primary Health Care: A Literature Review	Friday, Feb 18, 3:30 pm - 5:15 pm, Kaniela Room
Slamet Thohari. University of Hawai`i at Mānoa and East-West Center (Indonesia)	Contesting Conceptions on Disability and Its Implications in Javanese Society after Suharto's Regime: The Case of Yogyakarta, Indonesia	Saturday, Feb 19, 8:30 am - 10:15 am, Kaniela Room
Angga Pradesha. International University (Indonesia)	The Impact of Trade Liberalization on Poverty and Inequality in Indonesia: A Computable General Equilibrium Microsimulation Analysis	Saturday, Feb 19, 8:30 am - 10:15 am, Sarimanok Room
Turro Wongkaren. University of Hawai`i at Mānoa and East-West Center (Indonesia)	Choosing Identities: Religions of Chinese Indonesians in the New Order Era
Resya Kania. Cornell University (Indonesia)	Determining the Achievement of Rural Financial Organizations: Evidence from
Sulaiman Mappiasse. University of Hawai`i at Mānoa and East-West Center	Campaigns against Free Market in Education: A Case of Law No. 9 Year 2009 Pertaining to Education Legal Entity in Indonesia	Saturday, Feb 19, 1:30 pm - 3:15 pm, Pago Pago Room
Hery Yanto The. U. Hawai`i at Mānoa and East-West Center (Indonesia)	Sosiatri: An Applied Social Science where Scholars and Community Learn Together
Agussalim Burhanuddin. University of Hawai`i at Mānoa (Indonesia)	The Role of Political Islam in Democratizing Indonesia
Darmawan Triwibowo. University of Missouri, Saint Louis (Indonesia)	Non Profit Organizations Make Health-care Service Responsive to the Poor (Case Study in Makassar City, South Sulawesi Province, indonesia)
Endri Martini. University of Hawai`i at Mānoa and East-West Center (Indonesia)	Aren (Arenga pinnata) Agroforestry as Traditional Forest Management System in Indonesia: Case study in Batang Toru Orang Utan Habitat, North Sumatra and Tomohon, North Sulawesi	Saturday, Feb 19, 3:30 pm - 5:15 pm, Pago Pago Room

semoga pencapaian mahasiswa Indonesia ini menjadi energy pembangkit semangat untuk kembali membangun bangsa yang makin retak di berbagai sudut dan menjadi inspirasi untuk generasi yang sedang tumbuh dalam kemarau dunia yang lintang pukang. Optimisme harus dibangun sebagaimana pepatah bijak bangsa kita: “Alam terkembang menjadi guru”, dan “sekali layar terkembang pantang surut ke pantai.” Good luck untuk mahasiswa Indonesia. Sukses untuk bangsa Indonesia!

Politicization of Ocean Space

Saiful Anwar Matondang

Asian Studies -The University of Hawaii Manoa

The politicization of ocean space is the political claims of Europeans and their attempts to control and regulate access to the high seas. The Politicization of ocean space, controlling the world’s oceans by European states that has occurred since 1450 until today (postcolonial era) remain a critical component of continued European dominance (Mancke, 1999). The politicization of the ocean space shows the imperial expansion in which a system that makes one country controls other countries, often after defeating them. With the politicization of ocean, European oceanic expansion was different from Austronesians who had settled islands stretching from Rapa Nui to Madagascar. Asians had no intention to make political ties for empire building, however, Europeans’ transoceanic political claims and their attempts to control and regulate access to the high seas was the early model of expansion. Ocean space is a central of imperial struggle shows the competition of oceanic control among the European countries and also the United States is to maintain the commercial, military, and power as well as scientific facilities.

The extended polities of maritime ventures show the fact of imperial power (expansion). A powerful country tends to increase its influence over other countries through trade, business, and culture. Mancke (1999:234) says that the contest for control ocean space has not disappeared, nor has the neo-European dominance of the oceans ended. Mancke describes three broad implications of the oceanic dimensions of European imperialism; the creation of a new kind of empire, the centrality of ocean control outside Europe, and the reconfiguration of international relations. In discussing territorial acquisitions, following Symcox, Chaudhuri, and Pearson, Mancke finds that the oceanic- based empire was different from the ancient land-based one (pressing the weak areas and annexing territory and people). If the land based empire only tended to use the rivers, in land roads transportation and troops with horses, the ocean based empire took the seaborne and built ports to collect commodities from uplands. The land based empire took a longer time to control the weak areas than the ocean based model did. The oceanic expansion of European imperialism opened up new opportunities for weaker polities to realign the balance of power within Europe and with its Muslim neighbors, achieved as much control of the maritime environment as with territorial acquisitions in Africa, Asia, and the Americas.

Pearson‘s study on the Indian ocean describes the connectivity of Indian ocean and its impact on cultures and ideology of many countries knitted together with its diverse community (Pearson,2003). Pearson’s book explains that the British imperial power created an interlocking system among the ports, like Singapore, Mumbai, Aden and Cape Town that made 63 % of world sailed under the British flag in 1890. By citing Pope’s idea, Pearson says that the British Imperial expanded commercial relations by connecting Indian Ocean with the world. The British power in 1700 was backed up by an arm and state. As mentioned in Pearson’s writing, the history of the ocean over the last 250 years was dominated by naval power. We are introduced to the British power in Indian Ocean. It was very significant; a series of vital ports were taken, created and controlled by British. A connection between India and Sydney Australia was established in 1793, and followed by the ports constructing; Singapore (1819), Mauritius (1840), and Hong Kong (1842). Those ports made the British power possible to strengthen its link to slaves market in West Africa, seal furs in Guangzhou, and cowry shells in Seychellas (Pearson, 2003: 195).

Both Mancke and Pearson recount the failure of Portuguese claim over Indian Ocean and South China Sea which resulting the reactions from the Ming in Chine, the Ottomans, and the Sultan of Acehnese. Subsequently, those two authors explain the way of British and Dutch politicized Asian ocean space. The presence of the British navy in the Indian Ocean marked a new stage in the politicization of Asian ocean. The Dutch established Batavia (Jakarta) as the heavily fortified commercial center in 1619 that made Japanese stopping its trade relation to the Portuguese and linked to the Dutch in 1634.But in eighteen century, the Netherlands made a wrong decision on the commercial beneficiaries from Asia. The Dutch power was declining and the British Empire in Asia replaced the Dutch.

References

Mancke, E. “Early Modern Expansion and the Politicization of Ocean Space”.Geographical Review 89, no 2(1999), 225-236.

Pearson, M. The Indian Ocean. London/New York: Routledge, 2003. Ch. 7. Britain and the Ocean. Pp.190-197.